Discuss the role of Marketing and the Marketing department Essay Example

Talk about the job of Marketing and the Marketing office Essay Example Talk about the job of Marketing and the Marketing division Essay Talk about the job of Marketing and the Marketing division Essay What is showcasing? There are numerous definitions to what in particular showcasing is, of which one is Marketing is the way toward arranging and executing the origination, valuing, advancement, and circulation of thoughts, merchandise, administrations, associations, and occasions to make and keep up connections that will fulfill individual and authoritative objectives.Marketing is in this way significantly more than simply publicizing selling. The advertising idea expects pledge to clients fulfillment, by giving what they need and need..Within statistical surveying, there are two sorts of investigates utilized. There is essential and optional examination. Essential examination is gathering data from the purchaser straightforwardly. Exploration should be possible in different sort of polls for example phone, web and up close and personal. A general store as tescos leads up close and personal survey when clients come into the store and those of who have joined the club card get sent e mail polls. Though optional data is utilizing outer organizations data previously assembled, in spite of the fact that theres a disadvantage which is that the examination can be old subsequently not reliable.What the client needs and needs is discovered in statistical surveying, it at that point goes to the advertising blend. Advertising blend incorporates item, value, spot and advancement, officially known as the 4Ps which are key ideas in promoting. These are a significant piece of each firm promoting system and are likewise interlinked with certain parts of market research.The item/administration is the thing that the organization is selling or offering to a business opportunity for use or utilization. The item could be tescos selling its own image bread or administration could be tescos vehicle protection. Tescos, as the main grocery store in UK, offers an enormous assortment of items, from family unit merchandise as food supplies and toiletries, to furniture, account and insura nce.Tescos has propelled Green items in which it offers good dieting, including products of the soil at lower costs. It additionally has clear marking to furnish clients with nourishing data for example rules for every day amounts.Pricing is a key component in an organizations achievement the explanation being that organizations need to cost in understanding to the market and to what the clients are eager to pay. The loss of income is significant in such a case that the creation costs are high and the organization isnt selling the item it will lose revenue.Tescos is known as the least expensive yet great quality help around. It has a value check in which greater part of its items are less expensive then its rivals, likewise permits its client to see items and its costs contrasted with its rivals which is autonomously collected.The genuine accomplishment to Tescos is in its endeavors in advancement. Advancing is speaking with the likely clients and attempting to convince them to purc hase their item. Tescos arrives at its possible clients through TV, paper and the web. Tescos club card is a kind of advertising advancement. It offers the client the chance to win focuses each time they go out on the town to shop at Tescos. Consequently they can spend their gathered focuses on decreasing their shopping charge or get vouchers for lodgings and so forth. Additionally tescos advances green items which include natural well disposed administrations as re-cycling sacks, cell phones and so on and furthermore by advancing soundly eating for example purchasing products of the soil. They have advanced this by offering green club card focuses which are same as the ordinary focuses anyway more focuses are offered as it is helping nature. This is exceptionally effective with its advertising just as its customers.Tescos attempt to pull in clients by having notices sent through the post in type of flyers expressing which items are on offer; they send this across by having the prop osals in large red, strong lettering to get a handle on the clients consideration. Likewise they attempt to get clients for the future as kids in the sense they have all the children items on the lower racks of the store with the goal that they can see them. Additionally tescos has conveyance administration in which they would convey shopping to clients homes that request on the web or even available; this is mainstream with its customers.Another perspective essential to promoting is place. Tescos is the biggest chain in the UK and is focusing on the worldwide market. They have stores all around the UK with the goal that their clients dont need to head out miles to go to their nearby store. Tescos has around 1897 stores including tescos express and extra, additionally they have several stores around the world, and anticipating opening more stores in USA.Also with web based shopping, tescos items and administrations are accessible everywhere throughout the UK and furthermore numerous different nations worldwide.Overall, showcasing is significant for the business. The essential job of showcasing is the need and needs of its clients, the advertising idea. With putting resources into advertising the business can go from solidarity to quality as they will comprehend what is required by the general population and can give it. Particularly in the advanced world as there is such a great amount of accessible to the open that the promoting office need to respond rapidly and get forward-thinking. To close we can say that each business needs an advertising office to create and advance their items. Without this they would not have the option to gracefully the client with its needs and needs. As a business, it needs benefit to place into its advertising exercises and above all its endurance. Without the benefit and an advertising office it could prompt an organizations ruin.

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk - Essay Example Alongside his significant other, the couple carried on with a fairly non-descript life. Ali Riza had spent a short vocation in the military before expecting job as a traditions intermediary. Preceding Mustafa Kemal's introduction to the world the couple had three other youngsters who all kicked the bucket. As a result, as indicated by Itzkowitz et. al., Ataturk was a substitution kid (10). Mustafa Kemal went to class during his adolescence in Salonika, which as indicated by Sansal is presently Thessaloniki in current Greece, at the school of Semsi Efendi. In any case, when Mustafa Kemal was eight years of age his dad kicked the bucket and incapable to help herself and her two little kids, Zubeyde had to have Kemal leave school and the two moved into the wide open to live with Kemal's uncle. Kemal worked close by his mom at the homestead for quite a while, yet her developing worry for her child's instruction drove Zubeyde to settle on the troublesome choice to send Kemal back to Salonika to live with her sister. There she knew Kemal would have the option to go to class there. Kemal went to center school and in 1895 moved on from that point. Be that as it may, Kemal had a developing interest for the military and his enthrallment with the military uniform and appeal of the military life impelled Kemal, without the information or assent of his mom, to take the position tes t for the Military Academy. He was acknowledged and joined up with Askeri Idadis Military High School in Manastir after Zubeyde hesitantly gave her assent. This was the start of military instruction for Kemal which went on for a long time (Presidency). Upon graduation from secondary school in 1899, Kemal moved to Istanbul where on March thirteenth of that year he took a crack at the War College in the infantryman division. It was during this time Kemal started to show the turn of events and refinement of his political philosophy. He was, as indicated by the Republic of Turkey Presidency Website, profoundly enlivened by liberal-patriot writing, specifically by Namk Kemal, referred to at the time as 'the artist of freedom' (1). In 1902 Kemal entered the General Staff College after his fruitful culmination of the Military Academy War College and graduated January 11, 1905 as a Captain (Sansal). During his military training Kemal was a serious understudy exceeding expectations in his investigations. He was recognized scholastically among his companions. Kemal read broadly and to the then present measures was far cutting edge when contrasted with his counterparts. He was profoundly influenced through his readings with the statutes of th e French progressive belief system and would end up being all the more reliably slanted to this patriot, libertarian and basically mainstream experience than the majority of his counterparts in the years to come (Presidency 1). During his first military task in 1906 Kemal was positioned in Damascu

Contemporary Issues in Management Gender and Leadership

Presentation Issues related with sexual orientation and administration have been talked about for quite a few years however the discussion on the issue is still on-going. Specialists note that the pace of female pioneers is consistently expanding worldwide yet male pioneers essentially dwarf female pioneers (Virick Greer 2012; Page 2011). It is likewise critical to take note of that researchers’ consideration has not diminished and they consider the issue concentrating on an assortment of angles. Along these lines, analysts investigate the connection among's way of life and sexual orientation proportion in the business world.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Contemporary Issues in Management: Gender and Leadership explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership in such circles as business, legislative and association associations, medicinal services and instruction get significant consideration. Scientists additionally break down fruitful a ccounts of successful female pioneers and uncover significant patterns in the executives and initiative. It is important to include that various techniques and approaches are utilized to address the issue. Nonetheless, a few inquiries stay unanswered and a lot of holes is yet to be filled. Significant Topics Considered in any case, it is essential to consider the extent of themes broke down. Truly, likenesses and contrasts among male and female administration despite everything get a ton of consideration. At that, Kent, Blair and Rudd (2010) express that sexual orientation doesn't influence authority practices. The specialists guarantee that female and male pioneers are similarly compelling. In addition, female and male pioneers can similarly add to the improvement of an association (Timberlake 2005). Be that as it may, it is still certain that guys are hesitant to lose their driving positions and female pioneers need to confront the ‘glass ceiling’ in the contemporary society. Wang and Kelan (2013) report that despite the fact that there is a share in Norway, the quantity of female pioneers increments shockingly irrelevantly. Despite the fact that enactment makes sure about privileges of ladies and guarantees they have equivalent chances, advancement of female authority is still rather inconsequential. Analysts likewise note that culture influences strengthening of ladies. Therefore, Van Emmerik, Wendt and Euwema (2009) stress that cultural culture considerably affects sexual orientation proportion inside associations. Strikingly, less viable male pioneers are less inclined to pick a female as their replacement if decent variety atmosphere is horrible, however viable male pioneers will in general pick females as their replacements regardless of the climate inside the association. It is important to include that the scientists characterize assorted variety atmosphere as â€Å"collective impression of the degree to which an association is seen as having reasonable representative arrangements and incorporates underrepresented people into the work environment† (Virick and Greer 2012, p. 577). Critically, Block and Crawford (2013) underline diligence of generalizations which forestall advancement of female initiative. Snaebjornsson and Edvardsson (2013) guarantee that such ideas as nationality; sexual orientation and initiative styles are interrelated. Accordingly, female authority faces a great deal of deterrents globally.Advertising Looking for article on sexual orientation considers? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from summing up, specialists consider sex issues in explicit circles. For example, female initiative is expanding in the circle of open administrations in the UK. Astoundingly, Anderson et al. (2006, p. 555) center around female authority in the British Army focusing on that ladies are described by â€Å"interpersonally arranged initiative st yle†. The quantity of ladies pioneers in associations is as yet immaterial contrasted with the pace of ladies in the work development. Simultaneously, the analysts stress that female initiative can contribute extraordinarily to the advancement of associations. The circles of social insurance and instruction have additionally procured a great deal of consideration. Lantz (2008) noticed that female chiefs are not various in the circle of human services however 40% of work power in this field is comprised by ladies. It is important to take note of that initiative in instruction has gained noteworthy consideration yet there is still sex inclination and females would prefer not to be pioneers. Ladies will in general remain group laborers. Indeed, even ladies, who are dynamic and frequently think of viable arrangements, will in general be subordinate to less dynamic male pioneers. Wayne, Vermillion and Uijtdehaage (2010) express that females ought to be urged to take a stab at drivi ng situations as ladies can add to advancement of associations however they remain rather inert. Reynolds (2011) additionally asserts that it is critical to urge females to become pioneers and instruction should assume the center job in this procedure. Youthful females ought to comprehend that they can have the effect and they should ache for driving situations as opposed to retaining their thoughts and staying in the shadow. Swan, Stead and Elliott (2009) add to the examination of the job of learning in sexual orientation decent variety and authority by recognizing the hole in administration learning and laying out the job women's activist methodology can play in instruction. Instructors should influence advancement of sexual orientation authority mindfulness and give a record of a few female leaders’ experience. Unmistakably, sexual orientation and authority have become a debatable issue and specialists think about various circles, however there are as yet various holes. Si gnificant Gaps in the Field Some specialists have contacted the relationship among's nationality and initiative. Be that as it may, various inquiries stay unanswered. Most importantly, little consideration is paid to specific nationalities or provincial contrasts in sexual orientation administration patterns. For example, scientists have contacted the relationship between's cultural culture and sexual orientation administration. In any case, it tends to be valuable to consider the manner in which social idiosyncrasies influence individuals in various nations. Decent variety is one of the significant attributes of the contemporary world. Accordingly, it tends to be useful to investigate authority practices of Asian and Arabic ladies in western nations. Besides, it is conceivable to follow female authority (of western just as Asian and Arabic ladies) in Asian and Arabic countries.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Contemporary Issues in Management: Gender and Leaders hip explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is likewise conceivable to give more consideration to specific circles or even offices inside associations. Analysts ought to distinguish the pace of female pioneers in various enterprises, associations and organizations. This can assist with uncovering factors adding to improvement of female initiative. It is additionally important to analyze likenesses in authority practices in various fields. Scientists can think about specific encounters of effective female pioneers. This will empower researchers to uncover explicit components that emphatically influence advancement of female authority or even certain characteristics successful female pioneers ought to need to succeed. The job of instruction has obtained a ton of consideration, however it is as yet important to create explicit systems which can be used to urge females to possess driving positions. In fact, such angles as nationality, social foundation, eccentricities of an industry ought to be considered during advancement of these systems. System It is likewise important to give uncommon consideration to strategy. Scientists resort to various strategies and examine subjective just as quantitative information. The articles evaluated can be assembled into three classifications. Most of articles depend on writing audit. Along these lines, specialists survey insightful articles and articles in broad communications. This methodology assists with uncovering significant patterns existing in the contemporary society. It is anything but difficult to follow concerns and goals of individuals in various circles. Analysts likewise consider the manner in which the issue is drawn nearer. Critically, writing audits help to recognize holes in the examination. In any case, this methodology is portrayed by various constraints. For example, specialists center around explicit subjects and can forget about some significant sources. With regards to auxiliary research , there are chances that analysts give incorrect ends or twisted information. At long last, it very well may be hard to follow all the patterns existing on the planet as specialists regularly audit articles written in one language (for example English). Simultaneously, various locales are portrayed by various patterns. The second gathering of articles is portrayed by examination of factual information. For example, Anderson et al. (2006) examine measurement information got from the appraisal place. Different analysts use information got from a few overviews held in the 1990-2000s (Lantz 2008; Kaminski Yakura 2008). This methodology is compelling for recognizing exact numbers and rates. Along these lines, analysts get considerable quantitative information for their analysis.Advertising Searching for exposition on sex contemplates? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Once more, it is conceivable to follow an assortment of patterns existing in the general public. In any case, this methodology despite everything has certain impediments. Above all else, it is hard to cover all locales and all layers of the general public. Besides, speculation is regularly connected with closeness and misshaped information. At last, quantitative information can't be sufficient for building up specific procedures and arrangements as it is hard to disclose factors which prompted either pattern. A few specialists center around subjective research strategies. Surveys and meetings help analysts to examine various patterns as individuals clarify their decisions. This methodology empowers specialists to procure generous information on people’s mentalities t

Usha Martin Company

Usha Martin Company Presentation Founded in 1961, the Usha Martin Company has extended its portfolio, product offering, and physical structure outside India. The organization has stayed one of the best steel wire rope item manufacturers.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Usha Martin Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s current difficulty is the manner by which to keep up and improve the past business execution through vital choice science inside its present and future development plans. During its six many years of tasks, the organization has practiced such business systems as internationalization and vertical mix. Hence, this investigative treatise will endeavor to unequivocally survey and assess the advantages and dangers of Usha Martin’s vertical mix technique and internationalization system. Plus, the paper will introduce a five-year vital arrangement for Usha Martin to guarantee development and accomplishment in the long haul. C onversation Vertical incorporation system: Benefits and dangers Vertical mix, as an administration style, includes joining of the gracefully chain to oblige the various items that an organization bargains in. The Usha Martin Company gloats of a solid vertical incorporation in its modern association. From a solitary area, the organization controls its structuring, cutting, assembling, appropriation and advertising process for its steel wire pipe item in India. The creation sections, for example, crude material procurement, power plant activity and coal mining, real creation, and conveyance are divided and disfranchised inside a deliberate control framework that screens creation progress.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Benefits Reflectively, the vertical mix methodology has protected the organization from advertise swings, which make vacillations in the flexibly chain as far as information accessibility and cost. As prior anticipated by Mr. B.K Jhawar, the director of the Usha Martin Company, the vertical combination system empowered the organization to spare more than one billion Indian rupees. Plus, the organization has been in a situation to have full control of the nature of sources of info utilized in assembling the steel wire pipes. Since the organization works and completely possesses its sub creation branches, it has had the option to profit by the part of cost seriousness underway and the last cost of the items. The topological structure of the Usha Martin Company comprises of correspondence and activities the executives frameworks, which help in deciding productive execution and ideal asset use. As affirmed by Mr. B.K Jhawar, the organization weights on quality items, consumer loyalty, and practical creation inside acknowledged guidelines at the front line. The vertical coordination process has permitted the Usha Martin Company to deli ver, plan, sell, and disseminate its items universally inside a brief timeframe range. This is conceivable because of disguise of an immediate and unlimited oversight of the conveyance and creation process for its steel wire pipe brands. Essentially, the vertical mix process at the Usha Martin Company incorporates the parts of cost, reliability, speed, quality, and adaptability. These factors decide achievement or disappointment in business. These factors are reachable through worth conveyance, esteem expansion, and imagination inside a solitary creation chain.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Usha Martin Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reflectively, these ideas are methods and instruments, that are basic in the specialty of incorporating the creation and dissemination forms. In addition, this procedure is comprehensive of the logical angles, for example, a specialized procedure of understanding the activities engaged with tasks the e xecutives, their application, and assessment rules. Dangers The significant piece of the achievement puzzle for the coordinated administration works on the fringe of the delicate abilities that include the immortal vision of authoritative standards, characterizing estimation of the business, deciding necessities, explaining the vision, building groups, relieving task, settling issues, and giving guidance as consolidated in the vertical mix process at the Usha Martin Company. Be that as it may, the vertical coordination procedure may end up being testing when one of the above delicate aptitudes isn't adjusted. Moreover, the procedure is expensive to execute and oversee. Since the Usha Martin Company works in the delicate assembling industry, its vertical mix technique inside the creation office may get outdated as creation advances change oftentimes. Along these lines, a potential change in the creation procedure for the steel wire pipe item may constrain the Usha Martin Company to p ut resources into the new innovation to stay serious regardless of whether it is over the top expensive. Staying aware of any adjustments in innovation would make an interpretation of into extra expenses to coordinate the incorporated procedure with the new technology.Advertising Searching for report on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This may hurt the gainfulness and business manageability over the long haul. In addition, the organization may turn into a casualty of ignoring the potential misfortune inside the surges of existing salary and in the long run overlook the underlying specialization center. Internationalization procedure: Benefits and dangers Internationalization is imperative in business the executives and tasks, particularly when an organization expects to confine creation instruments, for example, work, circulation, and culture in the market of activity. At its origin, the Usha Martin Company focused on the nearby market of India. The organization has encountered development over the most recent sixty years and has generously extended its business sectors past the conventional residential market of India. The Usha Martin Company has effectively executed its disguise technique by entering and setting up sub branches in multiple nations. The organization has dynamic sub branches in the UK, Netherlands , Brunton, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Advantages The organization has embraced the systems of item multiplication and item advancement to accomplish the objective of internationalization, yet additionally to keep up its intensity in the universal steel wire pipes showcase. Brilliantly, item multiplication is a procedure that organizations embrace to make hazy boundaries for their rivals. Through this methodology, the piece of the pie chief will consequently have the tact to receive greatest rewards in front of its nearest rivals. For example, the disguise methodology has guaranteed that the Usha Martin Company has a piece of the overall industry for steel wire pipes inside worldwide markets, for example, the UK, Netherlands, Brunton, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Item advancement involves the development procedure planned for displaying the current item or enhancing it to offset with the changing inclinations of the clients. The org anization is related with new developments and alluring plans that intrigue to their clients over the world. For example, a steel wire pipe created in the global branches is modified to fulfill the needs of remote clients. This methodology ensures increment in the piece of the overall industry for the organizations in the UK, Netherlands, Brunton, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Dangers When working influence, fixed and variable expenses of work ought to be isolated from one another as re-appropriating. While actualizing the disguise procedure, re-appropriating will in general change equalization of this proportion. Moreover, in getting an outside source as a factor of creation, there is a need to improve nature of obligation for which such a vocation is required. This is conceivable when agreement is comprised inside adequate degrees of administration understanding appropriately marked. In this manner, the organization is presented to advertise elements, for e xample, work laws, cost of creation, and item costs inside the remote branches. Five-year key arrangement Essentially, the achievement of item the board relies upon an appropriate arrangement of a practical thought with the making of adaptable, automatic, and quantifiable estimation of discernment by the intended interest group. Brilliantly, this thought ought to have fundamental components that can without much of a stretch influence the psyche, either emphatically or contrarily. Realizing how to improve quality is urgent for the development of a business. Truth be told, buyers ordinarily go for items that perform best. Furthermore, quality improvement will serve the organization’s needs to enhance execution, sturdiness, keep up monetary feasibility, keep up visual and stylish intrigue, keep up prevalence in administration conveyance, and keep up great notoriety because of value affirmation. In this manner, quality improvement sending and hierarchical change activity plans p resent an a procedure that would encourage the business gain in the drawn out tasks through worth and quality improvement in the worldwide assembling industry. This is summed up in the vital arrangement table underneath. Key Plan Therefore, the organization ought to consider cross diversifying in the business approaches planned for growing and improving its situation, without bringing about much expense. Cross stage diversifying will empower the organization to increase a key upper hand in various manners. Further, it will give an organization the likelihood to lessen the danger of market flop that outcomes from the inability to complete satisfactory statistical surveying. End The fundamental exercises in the control network of vital administration is the info and yield following for the instance of the Usha Martin Company. The exercises are affected

IT Manager Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Manager Perspective - Research Paper Example (b). The associations is an early adopter of HIT on the grounds that from the earliest starting point, it had been chipping away at clinical registering. Further, significant IT move outs occurred between 1995-2007 and practically all IT advancements like EMR, CPOE and others had been actualized by 2007. This backings its initial selection of HIT (Bohmer et al. 2007). Ans. 2. BIDMC depends intensely on exclusively created application since it feels there are sure weaknesses with merchant created bundles. Such weaknesses emerge from trust factor, incongruence issue with home application and seller programming and in particular, accessibility of merchant to whenever redesign or offer help to the framework. In the midst of such difficulties, BIDMC thinks of it as better to create in-house abilities than relying on an outside merchant. Seeing the degree of ability and certainty of clients in specially created applications in-house, this accentuation won't lessen or change. Actually, sync hronization issues with the merchant and powerlessness to deal with the work processes with seller oversaw programming empower the utilization of uniquely created clinical frameworks at BIDMC. Ans. 3 (a). The OMR comprised separate perspectives for clinicians and patients for security and protection purposes. Clinicians could follow any data of patients, running from visits, test reports, cautions, lab results, subsequent meet-ups or alluding to some other doctor.

5 Comics to Watch For in May 2016

5 Comics to Watch For in May 2016 Everything Is Teeth by Evie Wyld and Joe Sumner As a child exploring heat-drenched Australia every summer, Evie Wyld was obsessed by the sharks roaming the coasts. Their quiet power extends over her imagination even now as an adult, and she compares sharks to the irresistible forces in her history that course through life unseen, ready to emerge at any moment. Wylds last book, All the Birds, Singing, was a prose novel, so Im very intrigued by her decision to tell the story of her life through a graphic memoir illustrated by Joe Sumner. Thoreau: A Sublime Life by A. Dan and Maximilien Le Roy Like any good English major, I love the idea of Henry David Thoreau. But I have to confessI never actually finished Walden. Every time Ive picked it up, Ive mused at the incomparable blend of fresh philosophy and overly detailed natural observationsand Ive been overwhelmed by the richness of his insight and detail. This graphic biography is a perfect opportunity to get to know the man behind the literary legend. And I hope to glean a little wisdom from the father of civil disobediencea concept that resonates with my generation now more than ever. Twilight Children by Gilbert Hernandez, Darwyn Cooke, and Dave Stewart The orbs materialized out of nowhere, blinding children and imbuing them with psychic abilities. Shattering homes and families, attracting a horde of scientists, government experts, and secret agents, the mysterious glowing spheres created tumult in the beachside village. Now Ela has arriveda beautiful, mute woman who appeared as mysteriously as the orbs and seems even more powerful. But does she bring peace or more destruction? And who is truly in danger here? The collection of four mini-comics sounds compelling and fantastical, and if the cover is any indication, the art is gorgeous. Agatha: The Real Life of Agatha Christie by Anne Martinetti, Guillaume Lebeau, and Alexandre Franc Of all the characters she penned, the persona Agatha Christie created for herself was perhaps the most compelling. This graphic biography centers around an episode in 1926 when Christie staged her own disappearance, but it also traces the life of the Queen of Whodunnit from her childhood in England to an adventurous career as a mystery writer and then to her later years as Dame Agatha. Agatha sounds as free-spirited, mischievous, and compelling as the characters weve come to love in her work. Rules for Dating My Daughter: The Modern Fathers Guide to Good Parenting by Mike Dawson Im a sucker for graphic essays that tackle important issues. In Rules for Dating My Daughter, Mike Dawson offers commentary on gun rights, the gender of toys, and raising children in a world where school shootings and Disney princesses are equally commonplace in childhood. Dawson promises to bring humor and insight into the painful conundrums facing modern parents. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Analysis Of The System Requirements For A Business Problem - 550 Words

Aramex System: Analysis Of The System Requirements For A Business Problem (Coursework Sample) Content: 4197350822960Day-December201500Day-December2015274320457200002743204023360Aramex00Aramex4629150-489839008Fall0008Fall8445509486900 HIGHER COLLEGES OF TECHNOLOGY00 HIGHER COLLEGES OF TECHNOLOGY2743209034145004298954983480Student Name (Student ID)Teacher Name: 00Student Name (Student ID)Teacher Name: -5594357879080Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Analysis of the system requirements for a business problem: PAGEREF _Toc304236083 \h 21.2.Description of System Development Life Cycles used in project PAGEREF _Toc304236084 \h 21.3.Description of Fact-Finding Techniques used in requirement gathering process PAGEREF _Toc304236085 \h 21.4.List of User Requirements PAGEREF _Toc304236086 \h 32.Functional and Behavioral Model of the business system: PAGEREF _Toc304236087 \h 32.1.Create use case diagram of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236088 \h 32.2.Write use case descriptio n for use cases PAGEREF _Toc304236089 \h 42.3.Create activity diagram of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236090 \h 42.4.Create behavioral model of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236091 \h 43.Design of the business system: PAGEREF _Toc304236092 \h 53.1.Design user interface screens for all components of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236093 \h 53.2.Design relational database model for all components of the project PAGEREF _Toc304236094 \h 54.Structural Model of the business system:54.1.Create Class diagram of the system for all components of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236096 \h 64.2.Create Object diagram of the system covering all components of the system PAGEREF _Toc304236097 \h 65.Reference Page PAGEREF _Toc304236098 \h 66.Appendix Page(s). PAGEREF _Toc304236099 \h 66.1.Appendix 1: Fact-finding tools PAGEREF _Toc304236100 \h 66.2.Other relevant appendices (if applicable).6Analysis of the system requirements for a business problem:System requirements are the fundamental building blocks that are nece ssary to build a systems. They describe what the system shall do and its goal. System requirements are categorized into functional or supplemental requirements. Functional requirements are the things that a user needs to perform their work such as schedule pickup, track shipment among others while supplemental requirements maybe accuracy, availability, compliance among others. Functional requirements are based in the system design while supplemental requirements are based in the system architecture. The development of both functional and supplemental requirements are documented in the software requirement specification. 1 Introduction of the Problem Definition 1 Description of the system backgroundAramex is a transport and a comprehensive logistic solution provider which was established in 1982 as an express operator which later transformed into a global brand offering good and satisfactory services. It is today trading on the Dubai financial market with more than 9000 employees in over 304 locations and 54 countries with a great and strong network with a good world presence. Aramex offers a wide range of services including international and domestic express delivery, logistics and warehousing, online shopping services and document management. Aramex is known for having been the first to release an audited sustainability report showcasing the commitment it has to its stake holders and community as well as the general environment. 2 Description of the problem statementMaking better decisions, enforcing policies, business management, easy communication, information security and safety, poor service delivery among others are some of the major challenges Aramex is facing due to lack of a good management system. With poor management and service delivery it is hard and difficult to offer fast and satisfactory services since most of the filing is manual and communication is not good. With a good system the company can be less worried about the customers feedback a nd requests as well as their partners and associates since information can be received in real time compared to the traditional methods. 3 Description of proposed solutionBeing a company with many customers, employees and stake holders, Aramex needs a system that can be able to simplify daily tasks, reduce response time, increase productivity, allow resource sharing with their employees and provide enterprise collaboration among other services. It is hard to work blindly without a system that can pass information to customers on their products, shipments, pickup locations, payment rates and office locations. Aramex needs a system that will help increase efficiency, consistency, trust and a system that is available and easier to use both for the end user, customers and the stake holders boosting productivity. Among the benefits that comes with a good system is that it allows convenient service, fast and easier communication with inter branches, secure distribution and information ma nagement services, inter relationship between the company and its customers is improved, easier consultancy, real time data when required, reduced risks in the daily activities and greater productivity, easier control and quick planning. It will be a system that can store all information under one roof in a data base and a system that is up to date, fast and efficient and of high performance measurement and responsibility to the company its customers.Description of System Development Life Cycles used in projectSDLC is the process in which it is determined how an information system can be made to support business needs through designing a system, building it and delivering to the users. There are two different SDLC that are used in system analysis and design such as water fall model, iterative model, the spiral model and the V-shaped model. I chose to use water fall model because of its advantages among them being that it is simple and easy to use, easy to manage, phases are complet ed each after the other and also works well for smaller projects that are easily understood. It has six phases which are analysis, requirement specification, design, implementation, testing and integration and operation and maintenance.30988035052000Waterfall ModelDescription of Fact-Finding Techniques used in requirement gathering processFact finding is the process of collecting data and information which are based on techniques that contain sampling of documents, analysis, research, questionnaires and interviews, joint requirements planning and prototyping. In the analysis of the system I used some fact finding techniques such as sampling of existing documentation forms and databases for analyzing the already existing system and documentation such as emails, customer feedback and complaints, notes in the suggestion box among others, questionnaires, interviews, prototyping which is used for sampling a small working model of the system and joint requirement planning.I formulated som e questionnaires that I distributed and then scheduled an interview indicating who would be interviewed and when. Among the people interviewed would be the sponsors of the project, business users, project team members and any other member in the organization. I had written questions ready for the interview. With the different answers from the interview and the questionnaires I will have a clear picture of what the system should look like. There were challenges since some of the members did not comply or attend the interview in time and a lot of time was wasted waiting for them to attend the interview and also some of the questionnaires were poorly answered.Include a copy of the Fact-Finding tool that you used (e.g. questionnaire / interview questions) in the project report appendix.You do not need to conduct the actual interview and you may include information from your imagination but the included information should align with your project.Refer to chapter3 (Requirements Determinat ion) of textbook to have a better understanding to fact-finding techniques.List of User RequirementsUser requirements are used as a tool to understanding what is required of a system and to help set a development channel or path. They indicate why the user needs the system, what they user must achieve from the system. With the user requirements it will be easier to write a documentation that will be used in refining the system requirements. Below are requirements I gathered during the interview and from the questionnaires. 1 The system should be able to assign an order to a certain shipment company. 2 The system should offer a place where a customer can chat direct with the help desk 3 The system should be able to update information directly to the system for the use in other branches of the company in different places. 4 The system should protect the customers privacy and offer confidentiality. 5 The system should be easier to learn and use. 6 The system should be robust to allow multiple usage. 7 Retrieval of information should be fast and effective 4 List of functional requirements * Easier data processing and record management * Protection of user information * Real time feedback * Services updates * Request offer * Locate officers * Calculate rate * News * Schedule pickups * Prepare shipment * Track shipment 5 List of non-functional requirements * Accessibility * Efficiency * Privacy * Fault tolerance * Quality system * Reliability * Consistent * Fast * User friendly * Easier maintainability * Robust * High stability 6 List of Usability requirements * Understandability * Operability * Learnability * Attractiveness

Use of Nature in Poetry Essay example - 1728 Words

Poetry Poets use many ways when they want to communicate something using poems. Poems are used as a means of passing ideas, information and expression of feelings. This has made the poets to use the natural things and images that people can relate with so that they can make these poems understandable. The most common forms of writing that are used by the poets are the figurative language for example imagery and metaphors. In addition, the poets use the natural landscape in their attempt to explore the philosophical questions. Therefore, this essay will explore the forms that have been used by the poets in writing poems using the natural landscape. The essay will be based on poems such as ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ by†¦show more content†¦Shelley in his poem ‘Ode to the West Wind’ has used similes in his poem. He states that, â€Å"the leaves dead are driven like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.† He also states that, â€Å"the wi nged seeds where they lie cold and low each like a corpse within its grave.† As observed from these examples, the poets will use these techniques to assist in easier interpretation of the poem. The poets also use metaphors when writing poems. Metaphors refer to the use of certain words to mean otherwise in the context of the poem. However, metaphors are sometimes hidden in the poem such that they require the reader to figure out their existence in the poem. This will be easy when the poet employs the physical environment that is well understood by the reader. In addition, metaphors will strengthen the ideas that the poet wants to pass across. Metaphors will therefore make it easier for the readers to interpret and understand the meaning that the poet intended to communicate. Shelley has used a metaphor in his poem where he states ‘†¦Pestilence-stricken multitudes’. He states this to indicate to the reader that he is not just addressing a pile of leaves. There fore, this helps to understand the deeper meaning of the poem. He also states about the ‘wintry bed’, which is meant to show his mood in the poem. Poets also use the landscape in writing poems because of the inspiration that they get from such places. This could be based on some memory or the history of the place andShow MoreRelated Robert Frosts Use of Nature in Poetry Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesRobert Frosts Use of Nature in Poetry Robert Frost, an American poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. Frost was very observant of nature, he often used it to represent the emotion of his characters in his poetry. I will use West-Running Brook and Once by the Pacific to demonstrate Frosts use of nature in his writings. Robert Frost was born March 26, 1874 in San Francisco (American Writers 150). In 1885, the dying request of his father took FrostRead MoreAngelina Weld Grimkes Poetry and Use of Nature Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesGrimkà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s poetry contain images or references to nature. It is only reasonable that there is some use that it serves in her poems. Her focus on themes of nature allows Grimkà © to do a number of things, among which include: displaying her prowess as a writer and poet in the way that she aptly and vividly describes nature; portraying a number of topics concerning the racial issues of her time; and representing the sadness and troubles she dealt with throughout her life. First, Grimkà © uses nature as a wayRead MoreThe Elements Of Poetry For Romantics984 Words   |  4 Pageswere quite a few reasons behind the societal purpose of poetry for Romantics. One of the biggest reasons was that they wanted society to pick up on romanticism through the art of poetry. The purpose of art is to teach us something anyway, like public life for example. 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JustRead MoreThe Wind As A Powerful Force Of Nature By Percy Bysshe Shelley1502 Words   |  7 Pagesforce of nature portrays itself as a link to the speaker’s emotions as well as his yearnings. The speaker implores the abilities of the West Wind as a comparison to his poetry, linking the natural world with the world inside of a poet’s mind. The vivid imagery throughout the poem illustrates Shelley’s fascination with this force of nature, which serves as an inspiration to his writing career as a poet. Shelley’s yearning for the forces of the wind to flutter through his life and his poetry are illustratedRead MoreRobert Frost Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesnovice and expert poetry reader alike. Robert Frosts understated emotional appeal attracts readers of all literary levels. Frost develops subtly stated emotions and a clever use of imagery in his poetry. Influences on his poetry include his family, work, and other life experiences (Oxford 267). 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Health promoting effects of probiotics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6060 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Health promoting effects of probiotics have gained increasing attention from consumers and producers over the past few decades (de Vrese and Schrezenmeir 2008). The term â€Å"probioticâ€Å" was coined in the 1950s (Kollath, 1953) and has been defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host (Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group, 2002). Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria include a reduction in gut pathogenic bacteria and harmful metabolites, gastrointestinal motility normalization, and immunomodulation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Health promoting effects of probiotics" essay for you Create order Probiotics not only affect the intestinal flora in the large intestine but also influence other organs by modulating the immune system, intestinal permeability and providing bioactives (de Vrese and Schrezenmeir, 2008). The mechanism of action of probiotic microorganisms and their efficacy depend on their interactions with specific immuno-competent cells of the intestinal mucosa. Various probiotic strains have been shown to possess a wide range of health benefits including the re-establishment of colonic and intestinal microbiotic balance. The balance in this microbiotica is attained by reducing the intestinal pH and producing bactericidal products, organic acids and hydrogen peroxide (Saikali et al., 2004; Fric, 2002; De roos and Katan 2000). The presence of probiotics in the intestine stimulates intestinal motility, increases the production of mucus, short chain fatty acids, and amino acids and strengthens the barrier function of intestinal mucosa. Increases in the number of ben eficial bacteria in the intestine results in competition with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients, and thus survival (Gill et al., 2001; Mangell et al., 2002; Jain et al., 2004). Probiotics have been shown to possess strong therapeutic effect against diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (De Vrese and Marteau 2007; Peran et al., 2007, 2006). In humans and animals, bacteria of the Lactobacillus (L.) strain exist as general components of the intestinal microflora (Naidu et al., 1999) and have been shown to possess bile salt hydrolase enzyme (De Smet et al., 1994), which is responsible for deconjugation of bile salt in enterohepatic circulation. Among the various probiotic strains, L. reuteri and L. fermentum have been shown with promising health benefits. L. fermentum have been demonstrated to be capable of adhering to the epithelial cells in the small intestine and colonized (Henriksson et al., 1991; Reid et al., 2001; Rojas et al., 2002). In addition, L. fermentum possess stro ng resistance to low pH as well as bile salts and also prevent adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria by producing surface-active components (Heinemann et al., 2000). In an in vitro study, L. fermentum have been shown to affect the lipid metabolism by reducing circulating cholesterol levels (Pereira et al., 2003). The mechanism of action in reducing cholesterol could be attributed to the enzymatic deconjugation of bile acids where the bile acids after deconjugation become more insoluble and not effectively reabsorbed from the intestine. As a result, the excretion of bile acids in feces increases significantly (Usman and Hosono 1999; De Smet et al., 1994). Hence, deconjugation of bile acids by L. fermentum reduces serum cholesterol in two ways which are (a) reducing the cholesterol absorption in the intestine and; (b) inducing the demand of cholesterol for bile acid synthesis. Similarly, previous research outcomes showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels after adminis tration of L. reuteri; however, this hypocholesterolemic effect persisted only during the probiotic administration. Once treatment was terminated, the cholesterol levels were found to be reversed back to their original levels before treatment (Grunewald, 1982; Massey, 1984). In contrast, Taranto et al., (2000) demonstrated the prophylactic effect of L. reuteri in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. The authors also claimed that L. reuteri remain in the gut permanently after administration. Hence, the current study investigated the effects on consumption of two probiotic bacterial strains either L. fermentum or L. reuteri, compared to control, on plasma lipid concentrations and their kinetics, fecal bile acid clearance, body composition, as well as microbial distribution in the gastrointestinal microflora in hyperlipidemic, but otherwise healthy, individuals. Experimental design Study population Subjects were recruited from the local Winnipeg area via newspaper and radio advertisements. Potential subjects were initially screened on the phone using a questionnaire where some brief questions regarding personal health information were asked. If subjects were determined to be potentially eligible after telephone screening, they underwent a blood screening where 10 ml fasting blood samples were taken in order to test for general lipid profile including total cholesterol (T-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). If the potential volunteer qualified, they were invited back for a subsequent screening at which time 25 ml of blood was obtained for measurement of a complete blood count and routine biochemistry test. In addition, volunteers underwent a complete medical history and physical examination. During the physical examination, the physician measured vital signs, examined the norm ality of body systems and reviewed the individuals medical history. The inclusion criteria included baseline LDL-C between 130-260 mg/dL (3.4-6.8 mmol/L), TG below 400 mg/dL (4.5 mmol/L), a body mass index (BMI) between 22 and 32 kg/m2 and aged 18-60yr. Subjects were excluded if they took medications known to affect lipid metabolism. Subjects who were diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, lactose intolerance or had recently undergone major surgery were also excluded from the study. Experimental protocol The study was a controlled diet, cross-over clinical investigation using a Latin square sequence. The study consisted of three 43 day phases separated by a six week wash out interval. Subjects were randomized to one of three treatment arms: a) control yogurt; b) yogurt containing 1013 CFU of microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase promoter L. ruteri bacteria; c) yogurt containing 1013 CFU microencapsulated ferulic acid esterase promote r L. fermentum bacteria. During each treatment period, subjects were provided with a diet containing 35% of energy as fat, 50% carbohydrate and 15% protein. All meals were prepared at the metabolic kitchen located at the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN) using a three-day rotation menu. Individual basal energy requirements were determined using Mifflin equation (Mifflin et al., 1990) and were multiplied by a physical activity factor of 1.7. The control and two treatment yogurts comprised a part of the meals at supper and were consumed simultaneously with 4g of wheat bran. Subjects were instructed to consume their supper meal in conjunction with one treatment or control under supervision on a daily basis to monitor compliance. The remaining meals were packed for take-out. Subjects were instructed to return the empty containers to ensure that the diet was properly consumed. Blood collection protocol Twelve-hour fasting blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 28, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43 of each of the three phases of the trial. Blood samples obtained on days 1 and 2 were used to measure baseline values for different study measurements, whereas blood samples obtained on the days 28 and 29 were used to measure midpoint values; samples collected on days 42 and 43 were used to measure endpoint values. Blood samples were collected using vacutainer tubes and centrifuged for 20 min at 3000 rpm and the separated aliquots were frozen until analysis. Stable isotope administration For the purposes of measurement of cholesterol absorption, 70 mg of 13C-labelled cholesterol was provided orally on day 39, with blood samples collected just before dosing this tracer and on the mornings of days 40, 41, 42 and 43 to follow the appearance of the isotope into the blood compartment. For purpose of measuring cholesterol synthesis, approximately 25 g deuterium water (D2O) was provided orally just after the collection of blood on day 42. Synthesis was assessed as the increase in D within blood cholesterol between day 42 and day 43. Stool sample collection protocol Two stool samples were collected from each individual at the end of each period. Subjects were provided with a â€Å"stool collection kit†. This kit consisted of two fecal collection vials, a pair of gloves, and a commode attachment (inverted hat). The commode was placed onto the toilet seat, and urine was voided so as not to contaminate the fecal sample. Once the stool had been voided into the collection device stool was scooped up and placed into the fecal collection vial (50 ml container). The vial was brought into the laboratory and frozen at -80 °C as soon as possible. Stool collections were conducted twice in the final week of each feeding period. Body composition assessment Body composition was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), a method that can accurately and rapidly assess body fat analysis. DEXA scan ser ies was conducted using General Electrics Lunar Digital Prodigy Advance at the beginning and end of each phase in order to assess body composition including overall body fat and lean mass. Analyses Blood lipid analysis Plasma T-C, TG, and HDL-C were analysed using a VITROS 350 autoanalyser. Plasma LDL-C concentrations were calculated using the Friedewald equation as described below: LDL-C (mmol/L) =T-C-HDL-C-(TG/2.2) (Friedewald et al., 1972) (1) Total apolipoprotein B (apoB-48 and apoB-100) was measured by the human apoB EIA kit (Cayman Chemical). This assay is based on the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. In summary, each well is pre-coated with a monoclonal antibody specific to apoB. Any apoB from serum introduced to the kit binds to this antibody. Serum samples were diluted 5000x using the sample diluent buffer provided. To each well 100 ml of standard or sample was added and the plate was incubated at room temperature on an orbital shaker for 2 hrs to allow binding. The plate was then rinsed 4 times with the provided wash buffer and 100 ml of goat polyclonal apoB antibody was added. The plate was incubated at room temperature and shaken for another hour to detect the captured apoB. Following this, the plate was washed once again (4 times) and 100 ml of donkey anti-goat IgG/HRP-conjugated antibody was added to allow for ‘sandwich recognition. After a third incubation on an orbital shaker for 1 hr at room temperature, the plate was washed for the final time (4 times) and 100 ml of chromogenic substrate TMB was added. The apoB concentration of the samples was determined by the enzymatic activity of the HRP. After 25 minutes, the plate was stopped with the 100 ml of the provided acidic stop solution, which changes the well colour from blue to yellow. This colour was then measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm, using a microplate reader. The intensity of the colour is proportional to concentration of apoB in the wells (Absorbance ? [donkey a-goat HRP] ? [apoB]). The absorbance of the plate blanks was subtracted from the absorbance of the standards and samples. The standards were plotted using linear regression and the samples concentrati on were determined by: apoB (ng/mL) in sample = [A450- (Y-intercept)/Slope] x Dilution (2) Concentrations were then multiplied by the dilution factor (5000x) and expressed as g/L. Cholesterol fractional synthesis rate analysis The rate of deuterium from body water incorporated into RBC membrane free cholesterol over day 42 to day 43 of each phase was taken as an indicator of cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR). Therefore, deuterium enrichments were measured in both RBCs and plasma water. The deuterium enrichment of free cholesterol extracted from RBCs was analyzed in samples obtained at day 42 and day 43 of each phase utilizing a gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/P/IRMS) approach. Free cholesterol samples were extracted from RBCs through the following procedures; methanol was added to RBCs and samples were heated at 55oC in a shaking water bath for 15 min, before addition of hexane: chloroform (4:1, by volume) and double-distilled water. Thereafter, samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 1500 rpm at 4oC. Supernatants of the samples were dried down under nitrogen and re-dissolved with hexanes and subsequently transferred in injection vials. Samples were injected i nto an Agilent 6890N gas chromatograph (GC). The GC was connected to a Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) through a pyrolysis furnace (alumina tubing, reactor temperature at 1450oC). A 30 m capillary column (SAC-5; Supelco, Bellefonte, CA) was installed in the GC which was programmed with the starting temperature at 60oC and isothermal for 1 min and increasing by 25oC/min to 275oC; increasing by 4oC/min to 290oC and isothermal for 3 min; increasing by 25oC/min to 308oC and isothermal for 3 min. Under these conditions, the organic hydrogen from free cholesterol was converted to H2 gas. The enrichment of this H2 gas was then detected by the Delta V Plus IRMS system. Isotopic ratios were expressed as d 2H/1H in per mil against V-SMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). The deuterium enrichment of plasma water was analyzed by temperature conversion elemental analyzer (TC/EA)-IRMS. After correction for free cholesterol pool, FSR was taken as the indicator of the fraction of the cholesterol pool that is synthesized over days 42 and 43 was calculated as: FSR (%) = ? Deuterium / (? Plasma water * 0.478) *100 (3) Cholesterol absorption analysis The enrichment of 13C-cholesterol detected from free cholesterol extracted from RBCs was used to determine absorption (ABS) using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The free cholesterol was extracted from RBCs by the procedure as mentioned above. Samples were injected into an Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC). The GC was connected to a Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) through a combustion furnace (alumina tubing, reactor temperature at 940oC). A 30-m capillary column (SAC-5; Supelco, Bellefonte, CA) was installed in the GC which was programmed with the starting temperature at 60oC and isothermal for 1 min and increasing by 25oC/min to 275oC; increasing by 4oC/min to 290oC and isothermal for 3 min; increasing by 25oC/min to 308oC and isothermal for 3 min. Under these conditions, the small portion of free cholesterol was converted to CO2. The 13C content of CO2 was measured by the Delta V Plus IRMS system. Enrichments were then expressed as ? 13C/12C in per mil relative to PeeDee Belemnite (PDB) limestone. The absorption is then calculated with the area under the curve from the graph plotted with ? 13C/12C per mil relative to (PDB) over time. Body composition analysis The General Electric Prodigy Body Composition software program, EnCore 2005, was used to analyze scans and generate body composition data. Analysis of fecal bile acids All samples were dried at -66 °C on a freeze dryer until 2 consecutive weights were obtained using 2 decimal places. Lyophilized samples were stored at -80 °C until further analysis. Approximately 100 mg of lyophilized fecal sample was pulverized, added to 15 ml Pyrex glass screw top test tubes and suspended in 1 ml of ethylene glycol-KOH. Teflon lined lids were used to seal the tubes, which were then heated on a dry heat bath for 2 hrs at 115 °C. Once cooled, 1 ml of aqueous NaCl was added to the tube and vortexed for 10 sec. From here 200 ml of concentrated HCL was added and samples were vortexed for another 10 sec. Tubes were allowed to cool after acidification and 6 ml of diethyl ether was added and samples vortexed for 1 min. All samples were centrifuged at 2000 g for 4 min at 4 °C. The diethyl ether phase was aspirated and placed into a new tube. This extraction was repeated twice more with 6 ml of diethyl ether added each time. All extracts were poo led together and evaporated under nitrogen gas in a water bath set at 45 °C. The remaining residue was suspended in 3.0 ml of methanol, capped and stored at -20 °C until used for analysis. All reagents were brought to room temperature before analyses. To a 96-well co-star plate, 150 ml of reconstituted R3 (diaphorase, NAD+, NBT, oxamic acid) and 20 ml of sample or standard were added to the wells. Methanol was run as the blank. The plate was then incubated at 37 °C for 4 min. After this incubation, 30 ml of R2 (3 µHSD, tris buffer) was added and the plate was read immediately at 540 nm and this value was A1. After 5 min incubation the plate was read again at 540 nm to calculate A2. The absorbance of the standard and sample was calculated by subtracting A1 from A2. The concentration of the total fecal bile acid was calculated using the formula: Fecal bile acid concentrations (mmol/L) = ? A540sample/? A540standard standard (35 mmole/L) (4) Values obta ined from equation (4) were then converted to mmol/g of dry feces. Fecal microbial composition analysis DNA extraction Stool samples were thawed at 32 °C for 15 min and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in new sterile tubes. Then, approximately 150 mg of wet mass was washed in 1 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 10,000 ÃÆ'? g for 2 min. The washing step was repeated twice. DNA was extracted from the pellets by using ZR Fecal DNA Kit (D6010, Zymo Research Corp., Orange, CA), which included a bead-beating step for the mechanical lysis of the microbial cells. We followed the manufactures instruction except that we increased the bead-beating step to 3 min. DNA concentration and purity were determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the OD and A260/280 (Beckman DU/800, Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA). Primers and Real-time PCR. Primers were assembled from the literature or newly designed and tested for specificity in silico. Those primers that did not meet our selection criteria for specificity and performance were redesigned from sequence alignments. The oligonucleotides were synthesized by University Core DNA Services (University of Calgary, Calgary, AB). Real-time PCR was carried out using an AB 7300 system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and sequence detection software (Version 1.3; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Each reaction was run in triplicate in a volume of 25  µl in optical reaction plates (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) sealed with optical adhesive film (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Amplification reactions were carried out with Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) mixed with the selected primer set at a concentration of 0.5  µM for each primer, and 2  µl (~12 ng) of genomic DNA. To evaluate the efficiency (E) of the amplification of each primer set, DNA templates were pooled (50 ng/reaction) and serially diluted 8 fold. Amplification efficiency was calculated from the slope of the standard curve generated from plotting the threshold cycle (CT) versus logarithmic values of different DNA concentrations using the following equation (Denman and McSweeney, 2005): E=10-1/slope (5) Relative quantification was accomplished using following mathematical model (Pfaffl, 2001): Ri = [(Etarget)?CTtarget (Controli SARAi)]/[(Eref)?CTref (Controli SARAi)] (6) Where target is the 16S rDNA gene of interest, ref is Eubacteria, ?CT is the CT deviation of the control vs treatment, i is the period, and Ri is the relative expression ratio of a target gene compared to a reference gene at a specific time point. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean+/- SE. Statistical significance was set at P0.05 for all analyses. Log transformation was preformed when data were determined to be not normally distributed. Differences between treatments at baseline, midpoint and endpoint for lipids, cholesterol absorption and synthesis rates, fecal bile acid concentrations, body composition were compared by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model for determination of diet effects. When diet effects were found to be significant, Least Squares Means was used to identify differences between diet effects. Students paired- t test was used to compare baseline and midpoint as well as baseline and endpoint within each diet. Differences of percent changes at endpoint relative to control between L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments were also analyzed using Students paired-t test. The LSD multiple comparison test was conducted to detect significant differences among treatment groups in analyzing gut microbial compo sition parameters. Data were analyzed with the use of SAS software (version 8.0; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Results Two hundred and thirty seven subjects underwent blood screening sessions. Forty-eight subjects were initially recruited and thirty subjects (11 males and 19 females) completed the entire trial. Eighteen subjects dropped out due to difficulties with consuming study diets and/or with accommodating the setting of the study (n=2, dropped out on the first day), relocation to another city (n=1), problems with daily centre visiting (n=7), personal reasons (n=4), and difficulties with re-starting the study (n=4). Blood lipids in response to treatments There were no significant differences at baseline in any of the lipid parameters assessed across treatments. Yogurt containing L. fermentum resulted in lowered (P=0.0226) T-C levels compared to L. reuteri-enriched yogurt at midpoint (T-C=5.36  ± 0.15 and 5.65  ± 0.20 mmol/L for L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments, respectively). Although no statistical difference was noted between L. fermentum and control yogurt, there was a strong tendency (P=0.058, compared by Least Squares Means) towards T-C reduction with L. fermentum treatment compared to control. Lower (P=0.0288) circulatory LDL-C levels were observed with L. fermentum treatment compared to L. reuteri containing yogurt at midpoint (LDL-C=3.37  ± 0.13 and 3.61  ± 0.15 mmol/L for L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments, respectively). Furthermore, L. fermentum treatment tended to result in (P=0.0634, compared by Least Squares Means) lower circulatory LDL-C levels, compared to control, at midpoint. Plasma TG, HDL-C and apo B did not differ across treatments at the midpoint contrast. Although T-C and LDL-C levels were determined to be lower at midpoint as a result of L. fermentum treatment supplementation, compared to L. reuteri treatment, endpoint T-C and LDL-C levels were not statistically affec ted across three treatments. Furthermore, no treatment effect was noted in TG, HDL-C and apo B levels at endpoint. Lipids were further analyzed as percent change over time between baseline and midpoint. All three treatments resulted in T-C reductions at midpoint (P0.0001 for L. fermentum treatment; P=0.0014 for L. reuteri treatment; P=0.0061 for control). Plasma LDL-C levels were decreased (P=0.0032) by 7% from baseline in response to L. fermentum treatment. However, LDL-C levels did not appear to be decreased at midpoint in response to L. reuteri and control treatments. Circulating HDL-C levels were decreased (P0.0001 for L. fermentum treatment; P=0.0005 for L. reuteri treatment; and P=0.0008 for control) in response to all three treatments from baseline to midpoint. Plasma TG levels were reduced (P=0.0011) by 14% from baseline as a result of L. fermentum administration at midpoint. L. reuteri feeding also resulted in a significant (P=0.0012) 17% reduction at midpoint, compared to baseline. However, TG and apo B concentrations were not affected by control treatment at midpoint, compared to baseline. Furthermore, lipids were analyzed as percent change over time between baseline and endpoint. All three treatments resulted in T-C reductions at endpoint (P=0.0054 for L. fermentum treatment; P0.0001 for L. reuteri treatment; P=0.0025 for control). Plasma LDL-C levels were not decreased at endpoint as a result of L. fermentum treatment. In contrast, LDL-C concentrations were reduced by 5% from baseline in response to L. reuteri and control treatments (P=0.0344 and P=0.0111 for L. reuteri and control, respectively). Circulating HDL-C levels were decreased (P=0.0241 for L. fermentum treatment; P=0.0005 for L. reuteri treatment; and P=0.0006 for control) in response to all three treatments from baseline to endpoint. Plasma TG levels were reduced (P=0.0078) by 13% from baseline as a result of L. fermentum administration at endpoint. L. reuteri feeding also result ed in (P=0.0003) 21% reductions at endpoint, compared to baseline. However, TG and apo B concentrations were not affected by consumption of the control diet at endpoint, compared to baseline. Additional analysis was performed on a subset of data where values outside the range of two standard deviations were removed form the original data set. The treatment effects on each parameter at midpoint and endpoint remained unchanged using ANOVA. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis rate in response to treatments No treatment effect was observed in ABS in week 6 with and without outliers being removed from the original data set. However, slightly lower ABS levels were noted as a result of L. fermentum feeding, compared to L. reuteri treatment (ABS=379.83  ± 36.87 and 384.38  ± 32.14 per mil ÃÆ'— hr for L. fermentum and L. reuteri feeding, respectively). Furthermore, L. fermentum feeding resulted in a slightly smaller increase in ABS, compared to L. reuteri trea tment; however, the difference between L. fermentum and L. reuteri feeding in ABS relative to control, was not significant (L. fermentum=46.48  ± 23.88 % relative to control treatment; L. reuteri=55.73  ± 34.02 % relative to control treatment). There was no difference across treatments in FSR (FSR = 11.73  ± 1.80; 10.33  ± 1.85; 11.67  ± 1.75 %, for L. fermentum, L. reuteri and control treatment, respectively). However, once the outliers, which are outside the range of plus and/or minus two standard deviations, were removed, L. fermentum treatment resulted in a higher (P=0.0169) FSR value, compared to L. reuteri feeding. Although there was no difference in FSR between L. fermentum and control treatments, L. reuteri resulted in a lower FSR value, compared to control (P=0.0112, obtained by Least Squares Means). Fecal bile acid in response to treatments There were no differences noted across three treatments in fecal bile acid concentrations in week 6 (fecal bile acids= 33.28  ± 2.12; 32.26  ± 2.13; 30.93  ± 2.44  µmol/g dry feces, for L. fermentum, L. reuteri and control treatment, respectively). In addition, no treatment effect in fecal acid levels was identified when outliers were further removed from the original data set. However, a slightly greater percent increase in fecal bile acid concentrations relative to control was observed in response to L. fermentum, compared to L. reuteri treatment, although the difference between L. fermentum and L. reuteri was not significant (L. fermentum=19.15  ± 9.82 % relative to control; L. reuteri=13.77  ± 9.44 % relative to control treatment). Body weight and body compositions in response to treatments There were no differences in body weight of subjects at baseline or endpoint across the three treatments. In terms of body composition analysis, since ethics approval for conducting DEXA scans was not granted until February 4, 200 8, only 28 subjects were available to undergo whole body scans over the course of the study. As a result, endpoint scans of all three phases were obtained from a smaller subgroup of subjects (n=15). Among these 15 subjects, eleven subjects received scans at baseline and endpoint for L. fermentum treatment; twelve subjects were scanned at baseline and endpoint for L. reuteri treatment; and twelve subjects underwent scans at baseline and endpoint for control. No treatment effect was observed at endpoint in total lean mass and total fat mass. However, over the study period, total fat mass was decreased (P=0.0158) by 3% from baseline in response to L. fermentum treatment, while L. reuteri feeding reduced (P=0.0211) fat mass by 4% from baseline to endpoint. In addition, total fat mass was observed to be decreased (P=0.0127) by 1% from baseline with control. These changes occurred despite no statistically significant shift in body weights across treatments. Additional analysis was p erformed on a subset of data where values outside the range of two standard deviations were removed form the original data set. No treatment effect was observed at endpoint in total lean mass and total fat mass using ANOVA. Microbial abundance in response to treatments The sub-study for the microbial composition of human stool samples was conducted as a blinded study, in which the investigators were not knowledgeable of the order of the treatments.. The only designation that was available was O, M, or N. Once the RT-PCR data had been compiled it became fairly obvious that â€Å"O† was the control. At this point the treatments were unblinded and treatment designations were as follows: O = control M = Lactobacillus fermentum N = Lactobacillus reuteri The quantification of the RT-PCR data is provided relative to the control treatment. As discussed in the methods we typically use an internal control rather than an external control. The reason for this is that th e RT-PCR data are based on the efficiency of the PCR reaction. In gut samples, as with many environmental samples, there is always contamination of the DNA extract with food components which result in a decreased efficiency of the PCR reaction. Thus, if one does not take this inefficiency into account erroneous results can be obtained. The efficiency with an external standard is always high. There was a highly significant effect for Lactobacillus (P = 0.008), when the control (O) was compared to M and N. This was to be expected because both probiotic treatments, M and N, were Lactobacillus containing yogurts. The feeding of Lactobacillus exerted a synergistic effect (P = 0.038), directly or indirectly, on the Clostridium cluster IV group in the gut. Clostridium cluster IV contains a large number of butyrate producing bacteria (Collins et al., 1994). Butyrate formation in the gut is considered an important health indicator and dietary interventions that result in increased buty rate is beneficial (Flint et al., 2008). Many of the Clostridium cluster IV bacteria are able to ferment indigestible complex polysaccharides like inulin, oligofructose, xylooligosaccharides, and other polysaccharides that pass to the hind-gut undigested. This investigator was not provided with information as to other components of the yogurt, however, it can be speculated that either there were indigestible polysaccharides in the yogurt, or Lactobacillus directly influenced the Clostridium cluster IV cluster of bacteria. Discussion This report demonstrates the effects of L. fermentum, L. reuteri and control treatments on general lipid profile, cholesterol kinetics, fecal bile acid clearance and body composition, as well as microbial distribution in the gastrointestinal microflora, in hyperlipidemic, but otherwise healthy, individuals. Our current results suggest that over four weeks duration, L. fermentum containing yogurt exerted a more pronounced cholesterol-lowering eff ect compared to L. reuteri-enriched yogurt administered with a controlled-diet, in hypercholesterolemic subjects. In addition, the present data suggest a strong tendency towards cholesterol reductions with L. fermentum treatment, compared to control yogurt over four weeks. Furthermore, over the six week total study period, consumption of L. fermentum and L. reuteri containing yogurts was shown to lead to possible reductions in total body fat mass. Recent findings, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, have demonstrated the potential lipid lowering efficacy in response to administration of L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments. L. fermentum have previously demonstrated to reduce cholesterol levels (Pereira et al., 2003). In addition, administration of L. reuteri to hypercholesterolemic mice for 7 days reduced the serum T-C by 38% compared to control hypercholesterolemic animals (Taranto et al., 1998). In our current study, L. fermentum-enriched yogurt resulted in lower T-C and LDL-C concentrations, compared to L. reuteri treatments, at the fourth week of the study. To date, human studies have not yet been conducted to directly compare L. fermentum and L. reuteri for lipid lowering efficacy. However, it was demonstrated in a previous animal study (Peran et al., 2007) that L. fermentum appeared to be more efficacious in improving inflammatory markers by producing glutathione compared to L. reuteri. In fact, erythrocyte glutathione levels were reported to be inversely correlated with serum cholesterol levels in a population-based study (Trevisan et al., 2001). Hence, our study results were, at certain degree, in agreement with the previous animal work where it was concluded that administration of L. fermentum could yield more promising health benefits, compared to L. reuteri supplementation (Peran et al., 2007). Although L. fermentum tended to result in lower T-C and LDL-C levels compared to control treatment, the differences in lipids between L. ferm entum and the control diet interventions at the fourth week did not reach statistical significance. The lack of significant differences between L. fermentum and control yogurt might be due to the composition of the background diet, which led to 5% reductions in T-C and LDL-C levels at study midpoint. If L. fermentum had been supplemented to a traditional North American diet, it is possible that the lowering effect of L. fermentum may have been significantly different from the impact of the background diet alone. Cholesterol reduction effects were observed by L. fermentum-containing yogurt supplementation at the fourth week of the study. As such, it was anticipated that more prominent lipid lowering effects of L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments would be achieved at the sixth week, compared to the results obtained at the fourth week. Surprisingly, L. fermentum, L. reuteri and control yogurt supplementations did not differentially affect T-C and LDL-C levels at endpoint. These r esults support previous evidence of a clinical trial by Simons et al., (2006) demonstrating the no significant change in cholesterol levels after consumption of L. fermentum for ten weeks by humans. Although the dosage level of the probiotic was higher in their study (2 capsules a day and each capsule consisting 2 X 109 CFU), no effects on lipid levels were reported. In fact, clinical investigations with various other strains of Lactobacillus have shown highly inconsistent or absent effects on circulating cholesterol levels (Bukowska et al., 1997; Naruszewicz et al., 2002; Anderson and Gilliland 1999; Kiebling et al., 2002; de Roos and Katan 2000). Treatment with four Lactobacillus tablets per day (each tablet contains 2 X 106 cfu/tablet of L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus cells) by human subjects for six weeks resulted in no change in serum lipoprotein concentrations (Lin et al., 1989). De Roos et al., (1999) have demonstrated that consumption of yogurt containing L. acidophilus fo r six weeks did not change any of the lipid levels in both normal and borderline hypercholesterolemic men and women. Taken together, it is possible that in investigating the effect of probiotics products on lipid metabolism in human, four weeks seems to be an appropriate study length to observe the optimal treatment effect. Four weeks being a more beneficial treatment duration may be due to the fact that subjects could closely adhere to study protocol for four weeks, but there may be a decline in compliance if the dietary phase lasts longer than four weeks. Alternatively, it is equally possible that some form of biological adaptation occurs after 4 weeks of consumption of these probiotics. In previous animal studies, it has been demonstrated that lactic acid bacteria could alter blood cholesterol levels by influencing cholesterol assimilation (Gilliland and Walker 1990; Gilliland et al., 1997). Our current results indicated higher cholesterol synthesis rates were observed in resp onse to L. fermentum, compared to L. reuteri feeding. The above mentioned result suggested that the higher cholesterol synthesis rate as a result of L. fermentum feeding may be due to the reduction of cholesterol absorption, compared to L. reuteri supplementation, in attempting to maintain cholesterol homeostatisis. Indeed, a slightly lower cholesterol absorption rate was observed in L. fermentum treatment group, compared to L. reuteri, although the difference in cholesterol absorption rate was not significant. However, the increase in synthesis was not sufficient to fully compensate the cholesterol deficit due to L. fermentum intake. Hence, the overall lower T-C and LDL-C levels were observed in response to L. fermentum, compared to L. reuteri feeding at midpoint. Our results were also in accordance with previous findings which indicated the Lactobacilli could exert hypocholesterolemic effect by inhibition of dietary cholesterol absorption in vitro (Gilliland and Walker 1990). I t has been shown that lactic acid bacteria might reduce serum cholesterol levels by influencing the deconjugation and dehydroxylation of primary bile acids within the intestinal tract (De Smet et al., 1998; Gilliland et al., 1985) and increasing bile excretion in feces via bile salt hydrolase (De Smet et al., 1994; Fukushima and Nakano 1995). Increased fecal bile acid after lactobacillus administration was observed in hypercholesterolemic rats (Fukushima and Nakano 1995). Hypercholesterolemic rats fed with lactobacilli showed a significant reduction in their blood cholesterol levels and significantly increased fecal total bile acids compared with a control group. (Usman and Hosono 2000, 2001; Fukushima and Nakano 1996). However, results of our current study do not appear to support the aforementioned findings in animal studies, although cholesterol reductions were noted at week 4 in response to L. fermentum treatment. The discrepancies between animal and current human results might be due to the following reasons. First, stool samples used for fecal bile acid analysis were collected in week 6 whereas cholesterol lowering effects were obtained at week 4. In fact, no treatment effect was identified in cholesterol levels at week 6. Second, due to biological differences, it is generally accepted that the results from animal and in vitro studies cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. Therefore, more human studies are required to elucidate the underlying cholesterol-lowering mechanism of probiotics products. It has been suggested that gut microbiota might play a role in obesity by regulating energy homeostasis and nutrient metabolism (Dibaise et al., 2008). Therefore, probiotics have been postulated to serve as a potential obesity treatment. Although treatment effects were not noted at endpoint, our results suggests that over the study period, body fat mass tended to be reduced by both L. fermentum and L. reuteri treatments. However, more studies are needed t o elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for such an effect of fat mass. In summary, our results demonstrate that consumption of L. fermentum-containing yogurt for four weeks, in the context of a controlled-diet, favorably modifies blood lipid profiles, compared to L. reuteri treatment supplementation, in hypercholesterolemic subjects. There was a strong tendency towards cholesterol reductions with L. fermentum-enriched yogurt feeding, compared to control at week four. The mechanism for the cholesterol lowering effect of L. fermentum treatment may be due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption which was supported by the higher cholesterol synthesis rate in response to L. fermentum feeding, compared to L. reuteri treatment. In addition, both L. fermentum and L. reuteri-containing yogurt supplementations could possibly improve body composition by reducing total fat mass. Overall, our current results support the use of L. fermentum-containing yogurt as an effective prob iotics product in managing cholesterol levels and body composition, as compared to the choice of L. reuteri treatment, in hypercholesterolemic populations.

Leadership Vs. Positional Leadership - 785 Words

CM3100-Week One-Leadership vs. Positional Leadership Discussion The questions asked, in our textbook, are â€Å"What is a leader? And how does leadership work?† (Maxwell, 2011, p. 2). According to John Maxwell (2011) â€Å"Unfortunately, people’s usual answers to those questions are not very helpful . . . The conclusion I came to early on is that leadership is influence. If people can increase their influence with others, they can lead more effectively† (p. 2). Mr. Maxwell and I seem to agree that the answer to those questions, as well as determining a baseline for a definition of a leader, depends on who you are asking. Jorge Cuervo provided me with his baseline concept and stated, â€Å"A leader is the person that receives from others the trust to guide them in the pursuit of what they feel is the best possible solution from a specific initial context† (Cuervo, 2015, p. 1). Mr. Cuervo breaks down his definition by giving an expository explanation of his statement. 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